A few considerations practitioners should keep in mind when dealing with contamination involving per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination.

The PFAS Action Act of 2021 passed in the House and was received in the Senate in July 2021.¹ If passed, the Act will require EPA to:

1. Designate Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA; CAS No. 335-67-1) and Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS; CAS No. 1763-23-1)—two of the most prevalent PFAS chemicals—as hazardous substances under CERCLA within 1 year;
2. Determine whether the remaining (4700+) PFAS chemicals are hazardous substances under CERCLA within 5 years; 
3. Promulgate a rule adding PFOA and PFOS to the list of hazardous air pollutants under the CAA;
4. Promulgate drinking water standards for PFAS under the SDWA; and
5. Promulgate a rule under the CWA establishing effluent limitations and pretreatment standards, among other requirements. 

The Act includes a narrow exemption for owners and operators of airports using Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF), so long as they comply with regulations for safe handling.

Even if the Act does not pass in the Senate, the Biden Administration has been active in addressing issues relating to contamination from PFAS, and many expect that the United States EPA will take steps to develop additional regulations relating to PFAS in the absence of legislative action.  To demonstrate such commitment, the US EPA released its PFAS Strategic Roadmap on October 18, 2021, and published proposed rules throughout 2021, several of which have significant implications for industry.

Toxic Substances Control Act Reporting Requirements

In June 2021, US EPA published a proposed rule requiring certain manufacturers or importers of PFAS to report information regarding their uses of PFAS chemicals, including production volumes, disposal, exposures, and more.  Notably, this proposed rule would apply retroactively, requiring reporting for any manufacturing or importing of PFAS dating back to January 2011.  Practitioners should consider advising clients to maintain these types of records in the event that a final rule is published.  (That said, at this time, it is unclear how business that have not already been monitoring for these data will be able to collect and report the required information given the passage of time and records retention policies, nor is it clear how regulators would enforce this rule given the same.)

Toxics Release Inventory Program

US EPA’s PFAS Strategic Roadmap indicates the agency’s intent to propose a rulemaking in 2022 to categorize PFAS on the TRI list as “chemicals of special concern.”  PFOA and PFOS were both already added to the list of covered chemicals for reporting year 2020.  However, there are notable exemptions for a “de minimis concentration” of PFAS or PFAS levels below certain thresholds, for which reporting is not required.  These exemptions have been challenged in a suit against US EPA in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia.  In June 2021, US EPA published a final rule listing three more PFAS chemicals as covered for reporting year 2021: Perfluorooctyl iodide (CAS No. 507-63-1), Potassium perfluorooctanoate (CAS No. 2395-00-8), and Silver(I) perfluorooctanoate (CAS No. 335-93-3).

Safe Water Drinking Act Contaminant Candidates and National Primary Drinking Water Regulations

In December 2021, US EPA published its final fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5), requiring drinking water utilities to monitor for 29 PFAS chemicals—including PFOA and PFOS—from 2023 to 2025.  In July 2021, EPA published a draft of its Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List, proposing to list all PFAS except PFOA and PFOS.  Finally, US EPA is currently developing proposed National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for several PFAS—likely to be published in fall 2022 with a final rule to follow in 2023. 

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Hazardous Waste Designation

US EPA announced in its PFAS Strategic Roadmap that it will use RCRA to regulate PFAS as hazardous waste.  Accordingly, the Agency will propose identifying several PFAS chemicals as Hazardous Constituents under RCRA and will bring emerging contaminants, including PFAS, under its RCRA Corrective Action Program, requiring parties to investigate and cleanup materials that meet the statutory definition of hazardous waste. 

PFAS Litigation Trends

Recently, numerous cases have been filed on behalf of state and local governments, and public entities such as public water utilities, against manufacturers and distributors of PFAS chemicals and AFFF seeking damages and costs to address PFAS contamination in groundwater and drinking water sources.  Public plaintiffs and the claims for remediation, as opposed to personal injury, require a different strategy leading up to and during litigation.